Learning in SChool

Throughout all my school years there have been many different teachers that have Impacted my life. But there has been one that has truly changed so much of me today, Professor Duran. When I use to think of the term favorite for a teacher I would see it on a teacher who is easy and does not give a work load, but now its different. A favorite teacher to me is someone who cares for their students and makes their greatest effort to teach you what they know even if it requires true dedication from the students side.Professor Duran was a teacher who wanted her students to see the importance of he unjustly ways society is; well at least in English IA. Am sure she would have wanted us to learn much more but within Just one semester was too much to squeeze In. She is a very unique teacher than what I have ever encountered, there has been professors who really do care about their students and advice them but there is teachers like Duran who can get deeper than your soul.The way she taught and she demolished every single piece of critical thinking within us was what really taught me to see things different. She opened up my eyes to not only see the obvious but also more beyond the surface. I came out of professor Durance's class a whole totally different person who looked at society much more distinct. Maybe she did make us put in more effort than what we were to enforcing in every assignment. Onto know how but this taught me to see everything In a positive way, to wake up every day In the morning with a where I envision myself five years from now. How everyday I am a step closer to where I want to be even if its frustrating, or overwhelming but I have to fight through it. It wasn't the way she taught that made me love her style but the way she put her heart In every single day to teach us. That Is what makes a great teacher, a person who can every day come to class and pour her soul into teaching, who truly cares about her students.Professor Duran has a heart of real, tr ue loving person. Learning in SChool By Jimenez impacted my life. But there has been one that has truly changed so much of me squeeze in. She is a very unique teacher than what I have ever encountered, there assignment. I don't know how but this taught me to see everything in a positive way, to wake up every day in the morning with a where I envision myself five years from heart in every single day to teach us. That is what makes a great teacher, a person

Disease in the News Critical Appraisal

There has been a rise in the number of cases of HIV/AIDS in men who have sex with men in the US. Trends suggest that between the years 2001 to 2004, the number of HIV/AIDS cases is rising in African American and Hispanic populations compared to the White population. The survival rates after 3 years were the lowest for men belonging to the African American and the Hispanic community compared to the White community. Since, the year 1999, there has been a rise in the number of cases of HIV/AIDS especially in men who have sex with other men.The article is a thoroughly peer-reviewed journal suggesting that the information is current, evidence-based, validated and researched carefully. The authors of the article include Hall, H. I. , Byers, R. H. , Ling, Q. , and Espinoza, L. They work for the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, which is a unit of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, US. The journal has given the details including the contact address and the email ID of the authors thus permitting clearance of queries and doubts. The authors are well versed and experienced in the field of HIV/AIDS.Hall and Byers have completed their PhD, Ling has done MS, and Espinoza has completed DDS. The authors are from various groups, and hence they would express the problems of these groups in their work. Each of the authors has played a different role in bringing out the journal. The writing, origin of the study, designing of the study, review and the interpretation has been done by Hall. Major contributions of the writings and modeling of the data has been done by Byers. Ling has performed analysis of the data and the data progression details.Espinoza has done the interpretation and discussion of the data. As this study was just about collecting data and not performing a clinical trial, it did not involve following a protocol. The article has been broken into various subtopics including abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusion and references. Credential web sites such as Pub med and the CDC have also cited the article. The article is about the diagnosis of HIV in the male homosexual population, and determining the rate at which the disease progresses.The researchers are interested on working with this topic as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has seemed effective in delaying the symptoms of the disease and the development of fatal outcomes from the disease. In the 1990’s, there was a reduction in the mortality rates arising from AIDS, due to development of HAART. This therapy is able to reduce the viral load. Since the year 1999, there has been a rise in the number of cases of HIV/AIDS due to the increase in homosexual men amongst certain segments of the population.Another indicator of the trend of men having sex with other men was the rise in the number of cases of syphilis in the male homosexual population. The cases of HIV/AIDS were especially high in men below the age of 30 years. In o ther parts of the world, the results obtained from similar studies were different. For example, in the UK, it was found that the high incidences of HIV/AIDS were observed in men who had sex with men between the ages of 25 to 44. The incidences of HIV/AIDS increased in higher numbers in the African-American and Latin populations compared to the Whites.It was about 10 and 3 times higher. Before this study was conducted, HIV/AIDS was not detected in a high proportion of the study model. The Whites were more aware of their HIV status compared to the Hispanics and the African-American population. This suggests that the Whites are more likely to start HAART faster and develop better outcomes with the disease. The data was collected for this study by the HIV surveillance system in place. Several statistical methods such as Poisson regression was utilized to determine the HIV diagnosis rates.The study demonstrated that higher rates of HIV/AIDS were observed in homosexual men belonging to Af rican-American and Hispanic background compared to other segments of the population. Besides, the survival rates after 3 years was also lower the same populations. HIV progressed faster in Hispanics and African population. The article talks about a specific population, namely the homosexual men. The geographical area of this study was limited to the United States. However, the results of the study were compared to other countries such as the United Kingdom.The various ethnic groups that were studied included Hispanics, African-American and Whites. The CDC performed the study. The article does make claims of the treatment. In this case, it is HAART to treat HIV/AIDS. HAART plays a major role in reducing the mortality and morbidity from HIV. The study picks up some evidence available from 1996-1999 in which HAART was utilized to reduce the transmission of HIV infection. This may be in the fact that HAART helps to reduce the viral load in infected people.The article speaks of the ongoi ng emphasis given to the Governments Healthy People 2010 policy, and the need to reduce the transmission of HIV infection. The article also aims to reduce the transmission of HIV/AIDS in the homosexual male population especially. There are various strategies suggested for treatment including prevention, early diagnosis, HAART therapy, etc. The article has used about 48 current and relevant journals written by authors whose credentials are also good. The user can access the abstract of the references by clicking on the link provided. References: Espinoza, L., Hall, H. I., Campsmith, M. L. et al (2005), â€Å"Trends in HIV/AIDS Diagnoses — 33 States, 2001—2004,† CDC MMWR, 54(45), 1149-1153. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5445a1.htm Hall, H. I., Byers, R. H., Ling, Q. et al (2007), â€Å"Racial/Ethnic and Age Disparities in HIV Prevalence and Disease Progression Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States.† AJPH, 97(6), 1060-1066. http://www.ajph.org/cgi/content/full/97/6/1060

“Night” Point of View Essay

David Wicks1-15-12 Mr. ChesnoffEnglish 10H P. O. V #2 As the seemingly endless, grueling, painful run from camp to camp came to an end, we had to endure yet another horrible situation. Due to the excitement of arriving at our destination, we all packed into the barracks too quickly. People were being trampled and suffocated under the mad dash of the freezing bodies. I was one of the unlucky ones who had been pushed, shoved and fell and now was being crushed under the weight of the ice cold flesh.I surely would have been killed by the lack of air or under the immense amount of weight that was crushing my frail body. I stayed calm for a moment to collect my thoughts and then gathered up my strength to yell, ‘†You’re crushing me†¦ have mercy! ’ I thought, I’ve made it this far and I can’t die like this. Once more I mustered up the strength to exclaim, ‘you’re crushing me†¦ mercy, have mercy! ’†. To my surprise t he body right on top of me answered my cries of help. It was Elie, the boy I remembered from my original work camp, he was the one who received 25 lashings.What a surprise to meet him here! I was surprised and a little delighted that someone I knew had made it this far. I explained to him how I was tired, and how my feet were swollen and hurt me because of the ice cold stiff ground we were forced to run on. In addition I told him I was worried that the weight of the people would break my violin and that I needed to find a way out. I had hid my violin under all of my garments while I ran and wherever I went to keep it safe. This violin was the only link left that I had with the outside world.I needed to keep it safe at all costs. I managed to slip away from the cluster of bodies and found an empty part of the room where I pulled out my bow and brushed off my violin of all the dirt and snow. I took a moment to observe what the Germans had broken us down to. I can only describe it as l ifeless skeletons, who live only to see their next ration. The sight was too much for me to bear. I thought of the most moving and inspirational piece that I knew and I began to play parts of a Beethoven concerto. I knew my ultimate fate yet I continued to play.As things calmed down, I had noticed that my music had put many to sleep including Elie. I played for about ten minutes until I had finished my piece, that’s when the guards came for me. With club in hand I was held back as I watched my violin get smashed, crushed and turned to nothing. I had just witnessed my last true happiness, my last connection to the world outside these gates, outside these restraints. I opened death with open arms because I knew that though they could kill my body, they could never kill my legacy.

Nickel and Dimed by Barbara Ehrenreich Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Nickel and Dimed by Barbara Ehrenreich - Essay Example From the discussion it is clear that  today, the market may be thought to be saturated. Generally social constructs are the views that people have on us, and how people describe us. The idea behind social cosntructionism is that people hear or experience these views over and over, and this makes them believe these views or have a picture that depicts these stories as being true. A million man march reflects that what the people march for is not well known by majority of the people in the march but he people seek to change this situation using their own social construction that reflect whom they really are.  As the study highlights that  the book Nickel and dimed by Ehnrenreich clearly starts on a note that portrays a well defined case of critical theory concerning workers and how they are being treated as well as their working conditions. There is a great contrast between Lampham who takes the writer for a lunch for about $30 at a â€Å"country style place† the writer an d Lampham are in deep reflection of how four million women have to live on the wages that are paid to the unskilled with a salary for about $6 and $ 7 per hour, with about 4 million women who are not literate and who are in the market looking for the lowly unskilled lowly jobs to make a living or to sustain themselves.  The eschewing divisions in the society in the book Nickel and Dimed by Ehnrenreich are clear, and by large magnitude have gone deeper to portray inhuman and a cruel world where the illiterate have to endure cruel wages and mistreatment to make a living.

Marsh's Metals Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marsh's Metals - Case Study Example By choosing this alternative, the company can maximize their possible profit to about $51,250,000 (or more) as against selecting the alternative to sell the rhenium to Fleishman and making a possible profit of $45,000,000 (or more). Marsh’s Metals, a privately held metals broker in Prescott Florida, has acquired 10,000 kilograms1 of partially refined rhenium ore (Re) from the Niger government for $8,000 per kilogram. Bob Marsh, the owner of Marsh’s Metals, estimates that he would be able to sell all the ore for $12,000 or more per kilogram. Bruce Fleishman Jr., president of the Fleishman Refining Company based in Walla Walla (WA), who is an old friend with whom Bob Marsh has done business in the past, has contacted him about purchasing 5,000 kilograms of rhenium ore for his specialty metals company. Bruce has offered a $1,000 premium per kilogram over the normal $12,000 Bob is asking for the ore. At about the same time Huffman Smelter and Minerals from San Antonio TX called to order 4,500 kilograms of the rhenium ore for their immediate needs and are willing to pay $14,500 per kilogram for the ore. He is leaning on selling to Fleishman because he is a repeat customer at a 70% probability, but could be convinced to sell to Huffman if the monetary figures work out. Bob has two alternatives, sell the 5,000 kilograms rhenium to Fleishman or 4,500 kilograms to Huffman, and then later sell the remaining ore on the open market. Bob wants to maximize his profit by choosing an alternative. A Precision tree is constructed for the given scenario using two possible alternatives, sell the rhenium to Fleishman or to Huffman, and sell the remaining ore on the open market. The branch with the maximum Expected Monetary Value (EMV) will determine the possible alternative. Marsh’s Metals has two alternatives, sell to Fleishman or to Huffman. This

Social group and classes history of inequality Essay

Social group and classes history of inequality - Essay Example Since many social constructs stem from such inequalities, a clear understanding of the different perspectives and theories of various philosophers associated with social inequalities is imperative to a student of sociology. This essay is an attempt in that direction. It shall explore the ideas of four modern day thinkers, viz. Karl Marx, Max Weber, W.E. B. Du Bois, W. M. Mills and F.D. Roosevelt. The essay shall compare and contrast the theories in their works, discussing the sources of inequality, social groups, the consequences of inequality, and social location of inequality in each. While Marx, has provided the broad and bigger structure of communism within which other philosophers have sculpted their own, much like the 'matrioshka', or the Russian nesting dolls (http://russian-crafts.com/nest.html), which has smaller replicas of itself, buried within it. However, there is a slight difference in that the philosophers have not made exact replicas of the Marx; they have rather focused on some individual aspects of the Marxian model, and added their own distinctive touch to it. Thus, the essay shall argue that, even though all the philosophers have all dealt with the subject of social inequality and p overty in modern capitalist societies like the US, they differ in the ways they have dealt with it. Karl Marx (1818-1883) was one of the few modern day philosophers who could come out with original analyses of social problems like poverty, and the inequalities in social classes. According to Marx, the origins of change and revolutions are all materialistic in nature, and all through the ages, one social system has always replaced the previous ones due to the inherent conflicts arising from the inequalities in the system, "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles" (Marx, CM 3). The feudal society has been replaced by the present day capitalist society or the 'bourgeois society'. The word 'bourgeoisie' stands of the 'modern capitalist' or the rich-moneyed section of the society. Capitalism, according to Marx, consists of both shared enterprise and unequal distribution of rewards. Therefore, the basic difference in the structure of economic production has changed the way we live, and gives rise to conflict. This is the source of struggle or 'conflict' - the tension, between the working class - the 'Proletariats' and the 'Bourgeoisie' (Marx, CM 3-5). While the former etched a living by selling their labor for 'wages', the latter who are the moneyed-capitalists; Marx differentiates between money and 'Capital' in his Economic Manuscripts thus "As soon as money is posited as exchange value which not merely makes itself independent of circulation (as in hoarding) but maintains itself inside it, it is no longer money, for money as such does not extend beyond the negative determination; it is capital" (Marx, EM I,14) and those who made use of such capital for their profit were 'capitalists.' Proprietors, owners of manufacturing industries exploited the former and ma de a profit from 'surpluses' of their labor. Latin American immigrants working on the orchards and construction projects in the US, being paid poor wages, without social security or insurance coverage, and their relatively rich contract companies, may be cited as a contemporary example of such exploitation. The

Advertising Individual CW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertising Individual CW - Essay Example All the products are priced at very low competitive prices due to the cost saving techniques the company uses to pass the benefits to its customers. We want the people of Marylebone to try out the new trader Joe grocery store and experience a fresh and unique hassle free shopping experience that is unforgettable. The store uses a cultural approach that caters for all traditions while at the same time giving its customers the chance to sample varied and new cultural experiences. Trade Joes stores are different, bigger, with walls decked with cedar planks and their employees wear cool Hawaiian shirts (Trade Joe, Our Story 2012). This gives its customers a fantastic and relaxing shopping experience. Starting as a small chain of convenience stores in the 1950s called Pronto market convenience stores (Gardetta, 2011), Trader Joe has grown tremendously in size, increasing the number of its stores to over three hundred and fifty across American states and has successfully created a large an d loyal customer base in all the states; through its innovative and creative business practices and the company’s desire to fully satisfy its customers’ needs and requirements through excellent customer care and customer feedback (Fast Company, 2011). Trader Joe’s listens and fully responds to the needs of all its customers and it wants to bank on its previous success in America by offering the same unique services and products to the London market. The new Trader Joe advertisement will primarily target single male and female consumers who live alone. The target market is health conscious and college educated, with a household income of above $54000 (The Associated Press, 2003) and who are most likely to have no children at home. The company targets this segment of the London society that is cost-conscious and keen on what they eat hence the use of clear labels on Trader Joe’s products for easy label reading and who would appreciate the different size of packages to cater for single consumers for convenience of use. These customers are very mobile and most likely to have a wide knowledge of exotic foods and beverages. They are adventurous and would not hesitate to try out the diverse and unique varieties offered by Trader Joe grocery shop. Major Selling Idea or Key Benefit to Communicate Trader Joe stores boast of over 2000 unique and high quality products (Trade Joe, 2006) which provide better alternatives to health conscious and environmentally friendly individuals. Over 80% of the high quality products stocked in our grocery stores are branded with trader Joe’s trademark (Kowitt, 2010) as a sign of high quality. These foods are organically produced and have no pesticides suitable for the health conscious individuals. Many of the limited Trader Joe’s products addresses the different consumer needs in their research and development departments with primary focus on quality, packaging and cultural preferences of the cu stomers (Llopis, 2011). The store gives everybody something to love and something to use. Trader Joe is an equal employment company with above average salaries and other employment benefits. It has both permanent and temporally positions. This will benefit the community in a large way by contributing to the economy which will create a good public perception necessary for a successful entry into the market. The Single Most Important Thought You Want A Member Of The Target Audience To Take Away From The

Living Peacefully in a World Free of Global Warming or Living with All Research Paper

Living Peacefully in a World Free of Global Warming or Living with All the Riches in a World Affected with Global Warming - Research Paper Example Contributing to the increasing levels of GHGs are various activities in which cars and power plants are recorded to be the main sources (Mohr, 2005). Indeed, human beings also have contributions to the levels of GHGs. In accordance to what is stated, developments in different countries lead to the heating up of the planet Earth. More and more buildings are set up and used as factories in order to gain wealth. Despite the campaigns that vehicles are emitting GHGs, people do not care. The present has been seen as the moment for development even though it is believed by some, as a destruction of the environment. Research Question: Which is better, living peacefully in a world free of global warming or living with all the riches in a world affected with global warming? Scope of Limitation: Findings of this research will be limited only to the responses of ten (10) environmental experts. Results from this study will only be based from their views and opinions. Significance of the Study: F indings shall educate individuals on the phenomenon of global warming. The conduct of this research will give indications on how individuals should protect their planet. Moreover, this investigation will also supplement the existing research in this field. Objectives of the Study: This research investigation aims to study how the global warming affects the entire world. Specifically, it also aims at knowing and identifying the effects of the said phenomenon through taking a special look on the life on earth as well as the atmosphere. Theoretical Framework: The theory of global warming will be the framework of this research. Global warming, as defined by James Hansen (2000), is mainly because of the occurrence of high levels of GHGs in the atmosphere in which is triggered by the activities of man. For Hansen (2000), the effect of these gases from burning of fossil fuel is climate change. Hypothesis: The increasing rate of greenhouse gases is threatening the life on earth, the negativ e effects being on the life of human beings and the atmosphere. II. Review of Related Literature Various views exist when people talk about global warming. Some are in agreement but some are opposing the other conceptualizations of the phenomenon of global warming. For Thakur (2009), emission of gases is just the contributor to the phenomenon but clearly not the origin. United Nations Environment Programme (2003) has acknowledged global warming is responsible for the climate changes. Some among the mentioned outcomes are more intense rain, severe flood and storms, more extreme heat waves, and the melting of glaciers. With the rapid changes, it is expected that all the fundamental Earth systems would also alter leading to the disturbance in all the aspects of environment. This disruption would then affect the lives of human beings because of the possible effect to food security. These changes, in effect, will inflict harm on human health. Eipsten (2000) added that with the rise of te mperature comes along the rise of many health diseases. This perspective fears the fact that it may not be possible for the human kind to have its next generation due to the effects it may cause the people. However, the contextualization of carbon causes global warming has been opposed. In Happer’s (2011) article, he claimed that the current warming that the planet currently

Think Pink -The Musical and its Mise-en-Scene Essay

Think Pink -The Musical and its Mise-en-Scene - Essay Example The musical art is a complete cinematography of the different sociological issues in the mild tone with a zephyr of musical instruments. This extremely stylish piece of art is the mixture of Rock and Roll, soft and classical music. This classical Hollywood celebration filmmaking, in the name of sociological and ideological movement against drugs, during 50's and 60's, truly played its role in the musical reformation. This revolutionary piece of art, later set trends for different genres and established a foundations for multiple institutions in the society. The musician Twink, has contributed many other genres in this regard, which shows his level interest in this dimension. Twink, is basically an English Drummer, song writer and singer. He began his career in 1963 as with a band. Later, he had given few arts and musical performances in 1964 and 1965. The Think Pink is his first solo album with The Deviants, produced by Mick Farren . He started his work in the wake of psychedilc musi c movement to set new trend in the field of music genres. His contribution and ideology behind his work, also reflects his social ambitions behind his artistic efforts. He started his band with the name of The Fairies, later he joind the rythem and blues/soul music band, known by the name of In-Crowd. After few months the same band renamed as Tomorrow. Apart from music, Twink, is also a very good and talented actor also. Twink has truly gives one of his remarkable and outstanding performance in this unique work. His stylish blend of mixing east and west to highlight socilogical issues in the backdrop of this musical film is unmatched. This film projects the sociological and emotional intensity, through the sound into the soul of the present pop genre environment. It brings the blend of different music styles, both eastern and western, along with the different themes and melodious classical tracks. The 37 Minutes and 37 seconds, film clearly portrays the new revolutionary sense of music. The music is simple, thematic, rhythmic and beautifully composed. The lyrics are very well written. The film has tried its level best to impart the sociological awareness and food for the relaxation of minds. Twink has composed all the tracks, with the help of Took. The musical film is composed of ten tracks including; "The coming of the Other One" (Twink) - 2:23, "Ten Thousand Words in a Cardboard Box" (Twink/Wood) - 4:31, "Dawn of Majic" (Twink) - 1:43, "Tiptoe on the Highest Hill" (Twink) - 5:23, "Fluid" (Twink) - 4:04, "Mexican Grass War" (Twink) - 5:29, "Rock and Roll the Join" (Twink) - 2:46, "Suicide" (Twink) - 4:26, "Three Little Piggies" (Took/Twink) - 3:15, "The Sparrow Is a Sign" (Took/Twink) - 2:23. The tracks depicts the different musical styles using various musical instruments like Drums, Keyboards, Guitars etc in order to highlight social awarness in the elegant and unique style. In addition to that, the tracks also project the awarness on the dark side of social problems like drugs and suicide. The tracks are manifested with unique and stylish mixture of music instruments to influence the minds of the audience. The tracks also used beautiful and thought provoking lyrics, which induce the audience to relax and enjoy

Critically examine the abolition of doli incapax Essay

Critically examine the abolition of doli incapax - Essay Example however, this law was abolished in 1988 when the rebuttable presumption of Doli Incapax for minors between the ages of 10 and 14 was nullified by section 34 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (CDA 1988). The presumption of Doli Incapax was that children below a certain age are incapable of guilt since they do not understand he implications and consequences of their actions, even if criminal in nature. After the abolition of Doli Incapax, there have been calls for England to increase the age of criminal responsibility for children. The abolition of the presumption of Doli Incapax effectively means that children between the ages of 10 and 14 can be taken to court, charged and found to have criminal responsibility (Gavadino, 1997). More recently, there have been hopes that CDA 98 abolished only the presumption of Doli Incapax but not the whole doctrine of the law. This came up in DPP v P (2007), where the question whether CDA abolished the underlying doctrine of Doli Incapax or the pres umption. However, this hope was later reduced by the Court of Appeal, who, in R v T (2008), held that CDA 1998 abolished the whole doctrine of Doli Incapax. It should be noted that England lags behind all other European countries at the age set for acceptance of criminal responsibility. In other European countries, despite the lack of a common age for criminal responsibility, all the other countries still have a higher age than in England. According to the Council of Europe’s Commission for human Rights, most of the European countries have a criminal responsibility age of between twelve years and sixteen of fifteen years. The low age of criminal responsibility in England does not also prevent the welfare approach to children over the age of 10 years. In this case, there have been myriad concerns that the abolition of the minimum age for Doli Incapax in England has given rise to more children being detained for small crimes and for longer periods than before the presumption wa s abolished. The Council of Europe for Human Rights also notes that if the presumption or defense of Doli Incapax were recognized in England, there would be more protection of children from small criminal actions and aligns the law in England with the laws in other countries. The efforts of the decision in DPP v P (2007) in trying to uphold the presumption of Doli Incapax were not enough to prove the existence of the presumption (Stone, 2010). Therefore, the subsequent decision of the Court of Appeal in the case of R v T was expected to a certain extent. Because of the defense of Doli Incapax being effectively removed, this analysis will focus on whether the presumption or defense of Doli Incapax should have been abolished initially, and if the government should be pressured by other groups to reinstate the law. This is done by tracing the concept of Doli Incapax, and the events that led to its abolition. The special treatment of children under law is not a new concept. In England, this defense can be traced as far back as the reign of King Ine in 688 AD through to the reign of other Kings between then and 925 Ad. For example, in 925 Ad and thereabouts, only children over the age of 12 would be prosecuted if the value of the stolen items were more than 8 pence. This indicates that the presumption of Doli Incapax existed from this period and lasted to the current abolition of the defense and presumption. However, it should be noted that in England at this time, there were distinct age levels at which the presumption could be upheld. Even though these age level structures could not be defined, it should be noted that there was a minimum age at which a child could absolutely not be prosecuted for crimes, where the defense was that the

Exams versus Another Form of Assessment Case Study

Exams versus Another Form of Assessment - Case Study Example Up to today, almost all students usually think that taking of exams will rank them according to what they can do or achieve. This paper despises the fact that examinations are not proportional to what a student can do. Therefore, it seconds that fact that exams should be outlawed in favor of another assessment.According to Albert Einstein (2008), he said that everyone is a genius. However, the genius levels usually vary and that exam cannot equate someone’s potential to how he or she performs after a given exam seating. Children are different from each other, and this will make them have different abilities. Therefore, there is no any single day that a teacher can judge student’s learning ability through the same means for all the children. Since each child is a different being, they then portray very different learning styles. However, it is disheartening to affirm that when assessing the children who have different learning styles, that most teachers usually do not ap preciate these differences. It is worth noting that, this evaluation style usually gives out a very wrong perception on the students. In other words, this gives a very inaccurate reflection of the progress plus learning abilities of the student. What teachers should understand is that, if they know that students are usually learning differently, why are they using the same criterion of evaluation to them all?Sadly, from the time immemorial, if a certain number of students fail exams, it is noted that the whole concept will never be repeated. Teachers usually claim that they are rushing to finish the syllabus or if they repeat the same concept then his or her subject will lack behind in terms of syllabus finishing (Beatley, 2010.p. 102). It is good for finishing syllabus, however, how will that benefit students who did not understand a certain concept and they failed it in exams? Students are frequently ushered into another topic, without them understanding the previous concept. This is a clear evidence that there is no way, a student’s ability of potential can be measured by the use of exams.

Hitler Became Chancellor in 1933 Because He Was Leader of the Most Popular Party in Germany Essay Example for Free

Hitler Became Chancellor in 1933 Because He Was Leader of the Most Popular Party in Germany Essay Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 because he was leader of the most popular party in Germany. How far you agree with this opinion? Hitler’s appointment in 1933 cannot be put down to just one factor. There were many influential occurrences leading up to his appointment but overall the Great Depression seems to be the biggest factor as it started a ‘chain reaction’ that overall led to Hitler being Chancellor of Germany. Therefore, despite being the leader of the most popular party in Germany playing a part in Hitler’s appointment as Chancellor it was not solely responsible and was also not the most important factor. An argument that could be used to show that Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 because he was leader of the most popular party in Germany is the idea that the Nazis used effective tactics which not only allowed them to gain extreme popularity but also their leader, Adolf Hitler. Essentially, the Nazis clever strategies allowed Hitler to gain recognition. For example, the Nazis were incredibly good at changing their policies to suit their audiences at rallies. The Great Depression was also used to their favour; promoting Hitler as the saviour in their propaganda to incredible effect. Goebbels’ propaganda campaign was very effective and it won support for the Nazis and Hitler. Also, Hitler moved away from violence and realised that the only way he could receive true power was through the Reichstag. The Nazis were able to win over the working and middle classes by using their anti-Jewish propaganda for the working classes and for the middle classes and farmers they focussed on their policies on powerless and honourless Germany, making it great again. No other party focussed more on propaganda than the Nazis; they were masters of propaganda. Their propaganda skills had the ability to change the public’s opinions and views. It encompassed every aspect of Weimar Germany to entice millions of people into following them, their policies ranged from unemployment to the stab in the back myth of Versailles. This increased the appeal of the Nazis and as a result they increased their vote in the Reichstag in the next election of July 1932, increasing their number of seats to 230 and becoming the largest party in the Reichstag. The Nazis used the problems with the economy and the Weimar republic to boost their support; this is evident in the fact that as unemployment got worse, Nazi support increased. Therefore clearly, being the leader of the most popular party did have extreme benefits for Hitler in terms of helping him become Chancellor due to gaining popularity through the party. Having said that, the idea that Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 because he was leader of the most popular party in Germany to an extent can be argued to be untrue; as briefly discussed the weaknesses of the Weimar government also played a clear role. More specifically, events happening outside of Germany such as Wall Street Crash; The Great Depression. Germany suffered the consequences due to the collapse of share prices on the New York Stock Exchange more than any other country. US loans and investment ceased and demands quickly followed for the repayment of previous short-term loans. Also, the crisis caused a further decline in the price of food and raw materials as the industrialised nations reduced their imports. As demands for exports collapsed world trade slumped and German industry could no longer pay its way. The argument could therefore be made that without this event the Nazis may not have become the most popular party. After all, the party’s popularity came from anger and bitterness of Weimar. Therefore, people turned towards the extremist political parties. Yet many workers turned to communism but this frightened wealthy businessmen, so they financed Hitler’s campaigns. Many middle-class people, alarmed by the obvious failure of democracy, decided that the country needed a strong government. The depression of 1929 created poverty and unemployment, making people angry with the Weimar government. Overall, this argument clearly signifies that Hitler’s appointment to become Chancellor was not just down to him being leader of the most popular party in Germany; events outside Germany lead to Weimar failing miserably which also played a clear role. Nazis electoral success in 1932 did to an extent have an impact and therefore, can be used to argue that Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 because he was leader of the most popular party in Germany. After all, the elections to the Reichstag in July saw the Nazi percentage of the vote increase to 37. 3 per cent, making it the largest party in the Reichstag. This was a sensational breakthrough. As the largest political group in the Reichstag, they had a mandate from the German people to be involved in the government. Clearly, this indicates that whilst the Nazi party looked increasingly powerful, their leader Hitler did so too; making him more well known throughout the country. This argument is also strengthened by the thought that it is after all, down to being the leader of the Nazis because the moderate parties would not work together despite the fact that together they would be stronger than the Nazis and therefore, weaknesses of other parties contribute to Hitler and the Nazis looking stronger. This strength made Hitler more established as a political figure giving him a clear advantage. However, in comparison to the previous argument another reason for Hitler’s Chancellorship was Von Papen; indicating that Hitler did not become Chancellor just due to being the leader of the most popular party in Germany. After all, the Nazis gained electoral success in 1932 but Hindenburg still refused to make Hitler Chancellor; indicating despite being the leader this did not put Hitler in an advantageous position. Yet, Von Papen had been Chancellor before Hitler and had become close friends with President Hindenburg. This played much to Hitler’s advantage as Papen offered to convince Hindenburg that Hitler was the right choice for the new Chancellor provided Papen could be Vice Chancellor. Von Papen managed to convince Hindenburg, along with various other politicians that Hitler was the best choice. Without Von Papen, Hitler may not have managed to initially become Chancellor or at least not until later than January 1933. This combined with the idea that previous governments were weak and lacked support made a clear sign for that Germany needed change. Hitler was something new and had clearly opposed the idea of a democracy from the start. As the German public started to go against the Republic their support turned to the opposing and completely differing view of Hitler. He was different to the past chancellors such as Von Papen who represented failed governments. He portrayed himself through propaganda and in speeches as a strong and powerful leader who could lead Germany out of this depression and unrest and that’s what the German public needed at the time. After all, Hindenburg had no other alternative but to place Hitler as Chancellor due to the failures of previous governments and Hitler’s growing support from people close to Hindenburg. Also, other conservative elites believed that Hitler was a man that could easily be tamed and kept under control. This gave him an advantage over the Communists, as Hindenburg believed he wouldn’t be able to control the communists if he supported them. This is therefore important in the eventual appointment of Hitler as Chancellor as without the support of the conservative elites, it is debatable as to whether or not Hitler would actually have gained power. Even, when in the July 1932 the NSDAP won 230 seats, becoming the largest party in Germany, Hindenburg did not appoint Hitler Chancellor. Hence, it is hard to imagine why anything would have changed without considerable pressure being mounted on Hindenburg from business. In particular, without the support of von Papen and his supposed ability to control Hitler, Hindenburg would certainly not have been persuaded. Clearly then, these conservative elites had at least some impact in bringing about Hitlers time as Chancellor. Also, the misjudgement of von Papen and Hindenburg in believing that they could control Hitler is crucial in explaining the overall Nazi seizure of power.

History Of Cave Painting Cultural Studies Essay

History Of Cave Painting Cultural Studies Essay Nowadays, most people think only abut modern technology, popularity. They never think back to history of the world, how the first civilization emerged, what happened in the ancient time, how the ancient people lived, the way to find food and so on. In ancient time, before people had the writing system like nowadays, they used to draw some record or some action on the wall, especially in the deep cave. (Cave Painting and rock art, 2002, p. 7). Some archeologists have found a lot of cave painting, especially in Europe. The cave paintings have different history, meaning, method to draw those caves painting in order to hunt more animal for food easily. Other people believe that the cave people thought that painting animals on their walls would make animal spirits come to them and bring good fortune. Others believe that the cave paintings sometimes sent messages to other people passing through or living in the cave in the future. (Maggie, Cave Drawing). According to some website article, cave painting is also called cave art, or rock painting. (Cave Painting and rock art, 2002, p. 1). People who saw cave painting, especially the archeologist, can decried the way that ancient people lived, some event in Paleolithic time because most cave paintings were drown during that period. Cave painting is considered as the most important means to show the interaction between the ancient people and the world. (Prehistoric cave art, online article). This term paper will focus on the history of cave painting which will detail the history of most cave painting, the purpose, the method to draw cave painting, the time that cave painting had discovered, and some examples of cave painting that archeologists have found in some countries. There are a lot of cave paintings around the world, but in this term paper, we will include two cave paintings only. The reason that we decided to choose these two cave paintings is that these are the most famous cave p ainting in the world. In addition they have discovered for a long time ago. These two cave paintings are Lascaux which is located in France nowadays and it has become the World Heritage Site since 1979, according to the UNESCO World Heritage Site website. Another one is Altamira which is located in Spain. In the case study part, we will detail about these two cave paintings information such as the meaning, method for each painting, and discovery and who has founded those cave paintings. Historical of Cave painting Purposes of Cave painting Perhaps over thirty thousand period years long ago, in the Western of Europe, as in duration of the Paleolithic period or Old Stone Age period, the living standard of the prehistoric humans considered as Cro-Magnons ¾ automatically modern humans. Moreover, much of Europe in that period was ruled the village in that time by small groups of travelling hunter hunting on the nomadic of many kinds of animal. In those, we have such as reindeer, cattle, bison, horses, mammoth, and other animals that those of animal bodies gave the hunter food, clothing, and so on for making tools and weapons. At that time, humans had not learned the way to write, so they tried to note the vital parts of their daily lives by detailed on the walls of deep caves and communicated through the cave paintings. Thus, the prehistoric hunters also created the cave painting. We really know that most of the paintings that they painted were of hunting scenes, a picture of vultures setting about human corpses, even an elementary landscape, and animals that were so very vital for their physical well-being. Despite, we have a few kinds of painting that have either in etchings or in a painting of body of human figure, just like the painting that described about the scene in Lascaux of the bull and the horse. In term of creating that painting, the purpose of the cave painting is uncertain like the other paintings that were painted afterward, however, some evidence indicates that they were not simply for the decoration. Moreover, those cave paintings may have been part of magical rites, hunting rituals, or attempt to mark the events during various seasons, especially religion and magic are the context, but no one knows the precise motive (History of painting, 2012, p.1). In those, one theory suggests that the prehistoric hunters accepted basic religious beliefs by serving a magical purpose for hunting because for they wanted to increase the number of wild animals available to hunt, or that magic is to aid the hunters in the chase, especially to help the Shaman into the state of trance which is necessary for his ceremonial work. And then assumption may be endless, but the attractiveness of this early human art is everlasting. Another theory is that cave paintings ¾ especially the more realistic ones  ¾ may purely be descriptions of the surrounding world. More than that, it was probably the cave man wanted to decorate the cave and chose animals because they were very important to their existence. Furthermore, one more theory suggests that, prehistoric man could have used the painting of animals on the wall of caves to record their hunting journeys (Cave paintings, 2004, p. 2). Period of Discovery On 1870, Don Marcelino and his daughter were the founders of the first cave paintings which located in Altamira, Spain which painting are mostly base on bison. Painting that they found has been discovered that it was painted by the Magdalenian people who lived between 16,000-9,000 BC which mean that it is 11,000-19,000 years before now. But until 1902, these cave paintings could be accepted as a fact by art historians and anthropologists (Johnson, P. 2012). After the research of archeologists and scientists, they believe that cave painting had occurred between 10,000-4,000 BC; they also found out that cave painting reveals in all continents around the world but is just in different style. For example, hunting, gathering food and other diary activities or real situation often reveal in Europe and Africas cave paintings, in contrast, Australia and Americas cave paintings are seem to be more abstract and symbolic that we cant easy to understand it. Till the end of twenty century, in Eur ope, there were 277 of cave painting which is agreed by the art historians and anthropologist, 142 is located in France, Spain has 108, Italy has 21, Portugal, Germany and The Balkans are account of 2 for each. (Johnson, P. 2012). The worlds oldest cave painting which were made in 40800 years ago by anatomically modern human (prehistory human who is our modern humans ancestor and lived in 41500 years ago) or cave dweller (prehistory human who live in a cave or under the overhanging rocks area of the very steep site of the mountain, but have disappeared) is found in the cave called El Castillo in Spain in 2012 ( Ling, Q. 2012). Before theyve found out the cave in Spain, Frances Chauvet cave paintings was made in 37000 years ago, but it is still a little late than Spains. Method of Cave Painting D:LNDocumentsDocumentsIFLDISY2S1IS 202(World History)Cave paintingmethod.jpg Cave painting method (www.katiebetter.wordpress.com/tag/concept) People around the world had their own culture for a long time. In their societies, they gathered fruits and hunted animal for their daily lives. When they hunted big or mean animals, they always showed their villagers in order to state that they were powerful and brave. The animals that they hunted may have been one of their beliefs, then they celebrated some ceremonies to gain their reputation in their villages. Time flied, so people got older and older. To encourage their next generation, they started painting what they had found and told what an event happened. They started painting since the Paleolithic Era, 35,000 to 12,000 years ago Purpose for Cave Paintings ( online article). The cave paintings were found throughout the world, especially in Europe. Before Wire ( online article). The most basic method of making paint is to mix a pigment with a liquid, so that when the liquid dries the color is left behind. This was a method that most ancient people used to make cave painting a nd the main material for them to do also. Ancient peoples decorated walls of protected caves with paint made from dirt or charcoal mixed with spit or animal fat. In cave paintings, the pigments stuck to the wall partially because the pigment became trapped in the porous wall, and partially because the binding media (the spit or fat) dried and adhered the pigment to the wall. Painting Technique( online article). Only these materials, they could not make a cave painting because there were some materials were required such as cave, animals bone, and some material that ancient people used to product pigment. Shoulder and other bones of large animals, stained with color, have been discovered in the caves and presumed to have been used as mortars for pigment grinding. The pigment was made into a paste with various binders, including water, vegetable juices, urine, animal fat, bone marrow, blood, and albumen. These were all kinds of material were needed. Case Study Lascaux Cave Painting D:LNDocumentsDocumentsIFLDISY2S1IS 202(World History)Cave paintinglascaux1.jpg Lascaux cave painting (www.culturedart.blogspot.com/2010/10/paleolithic-animal-paintings-in-caves.html) Lascaux is one of the many other famous cave paintings in France, as well as over the world. Lascaux is also the famous cave painting in Paleolithic. Lascaux is one of the World Heritage Site, according to UNESCO website, Lascaux was added to the World Heritage Site in 1979. (World Heritage Site list of UNESCO). There are many figures in Lascaux. Lascaux was founded in 1940, then in 1948, Lascaux was opened to all public visitor without preservation idea, so there were some problems that caused by those activities. In 1963, France government decided to close this cave painting from public visiting by a large number of visitors every year. (The Cave of Lascaux, online article). Lascaux has been harmed by the air conditioner system, light system and the amount of visitors since 2000, and in 2006, the cave situation became worse, and then in 2008, the France authorities decided to close for 3 months from all people, even scientists or archeologists. There is only one person who can go i n to Lascaux for 20 minutes only per week to check the climate and situation. Meaning of Lascaux Since there are many figures in Lascaux, the archeologists cant set the purpose or the meaning of Lascaux cave painting. (Anne, T.L., 2000). Some painting purposes of Lascaux were just for fun of putting some handprint on the wall in order to hunt more animals. Many cave painting are come with religious purposes, or with a kind of animism that the animals spirits killed in the hunt, or with a purpose of success hunt. Even there are a lot of figures, the archeologists can divided all painting into 3 categories such as animals, human figures and abstract sign. (Aujoulat, 2003). The famous paintings in Lascaux are Red cow and Fist Chinese horse, and another one is Great Black Bull. This Great Black Bull was appeared in motion. Discovery Lascaux cave painting was discovered in 12 September, 1940 by Marcel who was just a little boy at that time. Lascaux was located in Vezere Valley, France. Lascaux was estimated 17,000 years old. There is a fact about this discovery. On 8 September, 1940, Macel and his friends went on the treasure hunt, because they heard that there was a secret underground way that can led people to the one hidden treasure. On the 12 September, those 4 boys went to explore that secret way. Finally, they really got in to that secret underground treasure. What made them amazed were the herds of housed, deer, and oxen stampeded across the curving of the cave wall. The colorful of those wall painting also made them leap off the wall, then found many other rooms where were full of wall painting. First, those 4 boys promised each other to keep that discovery as secret. But since it was a huge secret to keep promise, they told their teacher who contacted with an expertise. That expertise said that maybe the se 4 boys were the first modern people who see these arts. In these cave, there are more than 1500 picture, and most of the pictures are animals which were those that the early Lascaux people had hunted, (The discovery of the Lascaux Cave Painting). Method Lascaux had techniques of painting or drawing that can make Lascaux still exist till today. In ancient time, people didnt have such modern equipment like nowadays. Artists in Paleolithic used brushes which made from human or animals hair or from plant steam to paint wall painting. They also used pieces of organic pigment like crayons to draw on the rock. Artists used animal fur, vegetable fiber and leather for dabbing and sponging the application. Here are some tools that were used to draw cave painting. First tool is pigment. Lascaux painter had black and a range of warm brown, ochers, yellow and red. There was limited of these materials. The black paint was made by oxidized metallic element; red color was made from iron oxide or rust; reddish-brown color was made of types of ferrous oxide called Hematite. Second tool was a tool which was related to crude crayon to draw on the smooth wall and the pigment was mixed with plant juices and animals fat. Third tool is miscellaneous tool. Artist use animal shoulder bones and grind-stones to draw the picture too. They also used beam and ladders to draw on the high wall painting, and they also littered lamps in the cave floor because they were in a deep cave where lack of light sources was. (Jack, M. 2009). Conclusion D:LNDocumentsDocumentsIFLDISY2S1IS 202(World History)Cave paintingentrance to Lascaux 1940(ancient-wisdom.co.uk).jpgD:LNDocumentsDocumentsIFLDISY2S1IS 202(World History)Cave paintingsquidoo,com.jpg Entrance to Lascaux 1940(ancient-wisdom.co.uk) squidoo.com D:LNDocumentsDocumentsIFLDISY2S1IS 202(World History)Cave paintingsquidoo.com Bison painted.jpg squidoo.com Bison painted

The impact of armed conflict in Nigeria

The impact of armed conflict in Nigeria Many countries in sub-Saharan region in Africa have been plagued with ethnic and religious conflicts. Nigeria has not been immune to such conflicts. The country has and continues to witness high levels of ethnic and anti-sate violence. Ever since independence from Britain in 1960 the African nation of Nigeria has been torn apart by wars, violence and ethnic conflicts. This paper centers on the effect of such conflicts on Nigerian women with a focus on the conflict in Jos, the capital city of Plateau State. The city has continually been rocked by brutal and relentless riots in 1994, 2001, 2008 and most recently in January 2010. These conflicts have brought about extensive destruction of lives and properties. Most significantly, the conflicts have brought about gross human rights violations perpetrated against civilian populations, particularly women and children who apparently make up the most vulnerable group. Considerable work has been done regarding women and armed conflicts. Much of this work has been done by institutions concerned with human rights violations, particularly violations against women. Unfortunately, much of this work has focused on sexual violence against women and has largely ignored other important aspects of violations against women. The purpose of this paper is to consider and highlight a range of ways in which women are affected by armed conflicts (in addition to sexual violence). Using responses from interviews conducted with women who have experienced the most recent conflict in the capital city of Jos in Nigeria, we argue that there is a wide range of ways in which women are affected by armed conflict. For example, armed conflict exacerbates inequalities. These inequalities continue even after the conflicts cease. Our findings show that women experience economic hardships during and after conflict. Furthermore, women are excluded from peace building initiatives that take place during and after armed conflict. Keywords-Armed conflicts, ethnic conflicts, human rights violations, religious conflicts, and womens rights. INTRODUCTION The frequency of conflicts leading to violence and extensive destruction of lives and property especially since the early 80s in many countries of the world can, without exaggeration, be traced to many factors. Some of these factors are political, economic, ethno-religious conflicts and land boundary issues. Most of these conflicts are often presented as either ethnical or religious in nature, and oftentimes both. However these research findings indicate that the underlying fundamental factor that facilitates such ethno-religious conflicts revolves around prevailing economic and political crisis. This is the basic podium for most of the recurring predicaments. Unfortunately, ethno-religious conflicts remain the political, economic and social legacies of three decades which involves perceived marginalization, mal-governance and disrespect for the constitution. The greedy and selfish ways in which the Nigerian political leaders embarked on, in acquiring power at all cost, has overturned the true federal constitution negotiated by the founding leaders. This reveals some of the primary basis for the violent crisis in Jos, Plateau State of Nigeria. BACKGROUND In 2001, a major crisis occurred in Jos, the capital city of Plateau State in the northern part of Nigeria, leading to the destruction of properties and loss of lives. There was also another crisis in 2004, 2008 and the most recent in 2010. The causes of these conflicts are seen as political, ethno-religious and indigenes settlers dispute. In most cases, it is tough to describe the Jos crisis from just the ethnic perspective without observing the political, economic or religious aspect. They are not mutually exclusive. The recurrent crisis in Jos especially the one that occurred in 2010 left a fatal impact on the society. Many people including women and children were killed. The 2010 Jos crisis recorded the highest casualty of women and children in comparison to the previous ones. About 500 women lost their lives in unpleasant circumstances while other women lost their husbands and children as well as their means of livelihood. It is rather unfortunate and unlikely that the leadership of the present government will be able to take the bold step to make required constitution changes to douse the festering ethno-religious tension and violence in many parts of the country. Nigeria is a complex society with a wide variety of religious and cultural allegiance and susceptibility. The least one could do is to come to terms with the reality of the multi-religious status and thus recognize and ensure that the rights of all Nigerians are equally protected. The city of Jos had deadly riots in 2001, 2008 and 2010, and the communal/religious crisis that erupted in Jos (Plateau) in 2001 still causes a lot of clashes in the State till date. It was shocking to many Nigerians that had nursed the notion that Jos was a safe haven for most Christians from other ethnic nationalities who fled from the States dominated by the Islamic Sharia laws. We also observed that most of the conflicts are located in urban areas, and that mostly women and their children suffered the most. Those not killed during the conflict are left to feed and fend for themselves and their children. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Many of these contestations between indigenes and settlers result in violence. As noted, Jos and most of the towns in Plateau State in 1994, 2001, 2004 in which the Beroms, Afizere and others who claim to be indigenes oppose the Hausa/Fulani tribes who are regarded as settlers from the era of the colonial masters who mostly came in to Jos town as miners and merchants. Jos Crisis: A crisis triggered by inequality. It can easily be traced to the deep inequalities in the society. In 2004, a state of emergency was declared in Plateau State (of which Jos is the capital) after which over 200 Muslims were killed in the attacks by Christian militia. In the November 2008 crisis, over 340 people were killed and properties worth billions were burnt when Muslim opposition supporters went on the rampage over alleged election irregularities after they had heard their candidate to head a council had lost to a Christian. In January 2010, being the most recent crisis, more than 500 people were killed mostly women after the Christians protested the construction of a mosque in a Christian area, and after Muslim protesters attacked a Catholic church. It is ironic that such catastrophic and bloody encounters have occurred in Jos, a city which derives its name from an acronym for Jesus Our Saviour. Perhaps, the origin of Jos a former enclave for colonial missionaries and its geographic location aptly described by some as a de facto fault line separating Nigerias mainly Muslim northern part from its mainly Christian southern region. Nigeria is a country of strong prejudice between indigenes and non-indigene natives and settlers, the Nigerian constitution even empowers this ethnic affiliation by giving credence to the State of origin and likewise some political appointments are based on ethnic and state of origin. The crisis in Jos is not immune to the State of Origin contraption the Christians are the natives, while the Muslims are the settlers. Hence the belief remains that the natives are threatened by the increasing population and prominence of the settlers. The natives are neither too keen to share their lands with the settlers nor offer their hands in partnership on the political outfit. The settlers on the other hand, feel cheated and threatened too by the natives whom they feel have failed to recognize them politically and socially despite having co-existed for decades. The fact that the two are on the opposing sides of the religious divide certainly does not help. The cumulative effect of these factors the aftermath of cultural and societal inequality is what has been happening in Jos over the years. METHODOLOGY: This research work is based on qualitative analysis methods. The principle method used is structured in-depth interviews conducted within and outside the conflict zones. Reports were drawn from rural dwellers and persons affected by the conflict including women and youths were interviewed at different times. Reports from government commissions inquiry and other investigation by setup groups were also utilized. The report of the Plateau Peace Conference 2004 was very useful for this paper. Reports from assigned committee at the Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution after visits to the conflict town were also very useful for this journal work. Some other researchers from the field who were also staff of the Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies similarly gave their report from the field work. Newspaper reports, textbooks and the web were also consulted for the completion of this paper. ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY In general, the political instability engendered by frequent communal disputes riots, armed confrontation and breakdown of law and order cannot be attractive for local or foreign investors. Jos, as it is right now from what we physically observed remains a ghost city with houses, market places, factories and company burnt down to ashes. We had met with and interviewed a business tycoon, Alhaji Busari who was a car dealer and narrated his ordeal amidst tears. He said how can this Jos riot be a forgotten incident to me when I practically lost all what I have worked and lived for in life in just one day. Billions of Naira was burnt down, the showroom where cars are parked for display was burnt down to ashes and all the cars on display were destroyed and burnt by the rioters. IMPACT OF THE CRISIS ON WOMEN Gender is thus a socially constructed identity through which roles are assigned at different levels and which can differ according to culture and can be changed by circumstances such as conflict. While the entire community suffers the dire consequences of armed conflict and terrorism, women and girls are particularly affected because of their status in society and their gender. Parties in conflict often rape women with impunity sometimes using systematic rape as a tactic of war and terrorism. A youth activist remarked as follows: The conflict inflicted psychological and emotional pain on both genders. However, the plight of women was particularly pronounced. There was the case of about twenty women and girls captured by the Boghom people and taken to a village called Kangyal in Kanam Local Government Area. The women and their daughters suffered the worst form of sexual abuse as their captors took turns on them every evening for three months. When they were eventually rescued, five of them were pregnant and tested positive to HIV/AIDS test. THE IMPACT OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN This also has to do with violation of human rights of women, in such situation as experienced by women of all ages, who suffer displacement, loss of homes and property, involuntary disappearance of close relatives, poverty, family separation, disintegration and those victims of acts of murder, terrorism, torture, sexual slavery. These spell out the prevailing human right violations and policies of ethnic cleansing in the war-torn and occupied areas. These practices have created inter alia a mass flow of refugees. Such women and children become refugees that no longer have homes or houses over their heads i.e. they become internally displaced persons. According to the research findings, women make up the highest group of casualties. The picture above shows women in Abuja carrying pictures of dead women and children. Mostly women and children constitute about 80 percent of the millions of refugees around the world. Other refugees including internally displaced persons are deprived of their properties, goods and also deprivation of their right to freedom of movement to return to their homes for fear and insecurity. The degree of insecurity and disorientation was identified when the Institute for Peace and Conflict researchers went to the refugee camps in Bukuru, Jos (a south Local Government Area of Plateau State) and were told that thirty-one pregnant women at the internally displaced persons (IDP) camps were delivered of their babies at different camps. Reports from their spokesperson in charge of women in the IDP camps said in an interview that the women who gave birth were earlier taking refuge at the police stations and premises of Bukuru central mosque before they were later taken to another house which was converted to serve as a temporary maternity. Out of the 31 women that put to bed only two babies did not survive. However, the two mothers were in very good conditions. In a newspaper report, one of the nurses in charge of the maternity centers created mentioned that some bullets were removed from some of the pregnant mothers bodies who were shot during the crisis and they had to undergo some operations to stitch them. THE WOMEN WELFARE: Feeding and Clothing Lack of nutritious food in the camps is due to their population, although some Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) and United Nations (UN) have visited some camp grounds to enhance the supply and distribution of food stuffs and clothing. Different groups have surfaced to donate generously for the refugees. Other repulsive experiences include: Snake bites in the bush while attempting to escape High rate of widowhood Loss of children Premature births due to fear and pressure Mothers abandoning newly born babies due to lack of funds and inability to survive Forced marriages This picture shows some illustrations of the impact of the conflict on women in Wase, Yelwa-shendam and Langtang south local government in Jos. In an interview, Vonnan Dashe, president of the Gani community development association, on 5th November 2004 mentioned that, Women were subjected to violence and hardship because they had to worry about the fate of their children. Some of their children actually got killed and others were wounded while others were raped by the attackers. They were not only physically harassed but also sexually abused and degraded. It was also gathered from our research team that apart from the fact that women were raped, they were also divorced by their husbands, which facilitated a worse emotional stressful and painful condition. The resort to divorce by men whose wives had been sexually abused was a means of dealing with the humiliation acquired from the conflict. EQUAL RIGHTS Even though women were affected greatly by the conflict in obviously negative way, they have been unable to set up networks and support groups to enhance their empowerment in the aftermath of the conflict. This includes the ability to participate in politics and decision making forum. Most of their voices are heard through the voices of men or proxy groups. Women make an important but often unrecognized contribution as peace educators both in families and in their societies. In addressing armed or sectarian conflicts, an active and visible policy of mainstreaming a gender perspective into all policies and programs should be promoted so that before decisions are taken an analysis is made of the effects on women and men respectively. Action should be taken to promote equal participation and opportunities for women in government both at the Federal, State and Local Government levels. There were hundreds of women mostly dressed in black that took to the streets of Nigerias capital city of Abuja and also the central city of Jos in rallies against the Jos massacre. They subsequently demanded that the government put the necessary infrastructure in place to improve on the protection of women and children. This research journal reveals to a large extent how women are streamlined in the policy making groups, politics and in general, all activities. Yet it has not told the whole story, the impact of conflict on women is too profound to be narrated. Most times, they live with the pain, agony, discomfort and under oppression for the rest of their lives. A lot needs to be done, the bridge that cuts across religious, ethnic and cultural is to have women group work together. However they will need to be empowered through capacity building and enhanced controlled communication before such roles can be played. Women need to be equally represented in organizations so as to be able to contribute adequately in matters and issues that have to do with protection of women and their children during and after such conflicts. CONCLUSION It is clear from all the above that women must be involved in matters that has to do with the protection of women and their children. They must prove to the community that they are also relevant and that equality should be practiced when matters that has to do with them comes up especially in politics and decision making. Women should be courageous and exhibit fearless independence in spite of all odds especially where human right issues are involved. Women are meant to bear the image of the community. In political matters, women should not shy away from their right and their voices must also be heard. In all, this must be the new wave. The culture must evolve.

Joan Miro :: essays research papers

Working Thesis:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Catalan struggle and Spanish Civil War greatly influenced Joan Mirà ³Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s art; Mirà ³Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s techniques of forceful strokes with paint and ceramics enable Mirà ³ to express his feelings and depict the Catalan people’s struggle through art.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Surrealism in the 1920s was defined as a fantastic arrangement of materials that influenced Mirà ³, due to the fact that he was one of the most original and sympathetic artists during the Surrealism periods. Mirà ³ was born into the Catalan culture in April 20,1893 in Barcelona, Spain (Munro 288). Having to be born into the Catalan culture gave Mirà ³ an opportunity to have an intense nationalist activity. In which much attention was paid not only to political expressions of the need for autonomy, but also to the re-Catalanizing of every day life (Higdon 1). â€Å"It was necessary to fight so that Catalan, our language might be recognized as a cultural language† (â€Å"Mirà ³Ã¢â‚¬ ). In 1910 Mirà ³Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s parents bought a masia which is a sort of traditional farmstead of Catalonia, where the family has its roots on the paternal side. Mirà ³ described the masia in his painting The Farm of 1921-1922 (Figure1). Clement Greenburg a close friend of Mirà ³ who is also a critic, said that Mirà ³Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s art is based on ideas â€Å"of painting as an irrevocable two dimensional medium† (Munro 289). Greenburg also stated â€Å"Mirà ³ is known for his almost total lack of interest in political matters† (Munro 289). The only thing that really kept Mirà ³ interested was his people and their culture. What really shot Mirà ³ down was the Spanish Civil War, he stated that â€Å"I am not in favor of separatism. I am in favor for Spanish unity, European unity, and World unity.† He believed that they should be able to celebrate their myths, and abide by their own laws (Higdon 1). Being Catalan was pretty hard on Mirà ³ as well as his people and their culture. For one, the government tried to shut them out or at least make them in to a Spanish-speaking country. Yet the Catalans had to push on their struggle for freedom. Mirà ³ used his paintings to show his urge for unity, and wanted his people to have the right to practice their customs (Munro 288). He was extremely devoted to his people and their aspirations. He wanted to bring out Catalan traditions as well as their language (Higdon 2). Mirà ³ career in art was sort of brought on by destiny.

Ultimate Pets: How an Independent Pet Shop Competes with Giant Pet Stor

This essay explains how I intend to open an independent pet store, Ultimate Pets. Although there are already several pet stores in my community which are owned and operated by the giant pet super-store chains, I will position Ultimate Pets in the market so that it can successfully compete with the established pet super-store chains. As a business in the pet industry, an exotic pet shop offers many products that a large corporation would, but differentiates in a way with the wide range of animals it actually carries in stock. Our store does not carry just any products for the care of your exotic pet. Here at Ultimate Pets we only feature the top brands and products for optimal care. With a helpful and knowledgeable staff to assist you with every question you have about animal care, they will point you in the direction of what is needed to solve your problem. There are many advantages of shopping with us. Most importantly, we will not sell you something that is not needed for optimal care, or sell you an animal that could possibly be sick. All of our pets are quarantined for multiple days before they are put out for sale. This is to prevent transmitting diseases, relieve stress, or mites to other animals they can be displayed with. We also make sure all animals are eating on their own before they are sold. Unlike large corporations, we do not buy from just any ordinary Joe selling animals in large quantities. All of our animals are either bred in store, or are from a private breeder. This decreases the chance of stress and disease. The benefits of shopping with Ultimate Pets, is that you will never leave disappointed or unsure. To ensure customers know what it takes to care for their animals, each de... ...n amount of base and live rock that is recommended for that size. Sometimes this is a more appropriate tactic. We will also this for reptile/amphibian as well as bird cages and products. Many of our customers, want all the essentials right away, this is our way of doing so. References Miller, Gilson. 2012. 10 Ways Retailers Can Leverage Bundling of Products to Drive Sales. Retrieved from: http://upstreamcommerce.com/blog/2012/04/03/10-ways-retailers-leverage-bundling-products-drive-sales Ehmke, Cole. Fulton, Joan. Lusk, Jayson. 2014. Marketing’s Four P’s: First Steps for New Entrepeneurs. Retrieved from: https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/EC/EC-730.pdf Rodriguez, John. 2014. Owner of Pet Super Center Segrestfarms.com Royalpetsupplies.com Industry. 2009. Pet Shops. Retrieved from: http://www.immediate.com/images/Pet%20Shops.pdf

Study Guide for French Revolution

Study Guide for French Revolution * Brinton’s model of a revolution: * Symptomatic Phase- all social classes are unhappy (peasants are scared of change, bourgeoisie want change) * Moderate Phase- revolution begins in hopes of control (radicals feel like there isn’t ENOUGH change) * Radical Phase- a strong men from a radical group gains and assumes power * Convalescence Phase- revolution has a setback; moderate groups regain power * Estates: First Estate: Clergy (less than 1% of population) * Upper Clergy: noble by birth/bishops * Lower Clergy: peasant class/priests * Second Estate: Nobility (less than 2% of population) * Privileged class * Absolute monarch would cause them to lose power * Third Estate: Common People (97% of population) * They pay all the taxes for the country * Includes the bourgeoisie, urban workers, peasants and serfs * Sans-culottes: radical lower class workers Louis XVI: King of France during the revolution; he was slow to make decisions about the r evolution * Marie Antoinette: France disliked her from the minute she married Louis XVI because she was Austrian and did not have a child for the first 7 or 8 years, and disregarded the struggle the public was going through * Old Regime: the social and political system before the revolution began * Cahiers- nobility Estates-General: under the Old Regime there was a legislative assembly with representatives from each estate; this system is very unfair because the 1st and 2nd estates would usually agree with one another and the third estate (which was obviously much larger than the other estates) was left in the dust; Louis XVI called them together when he heard about the revolution * Abbe Sieyes: a priest that wrote a pamphlet about the 3rd estate, which created the revolution to some extent because it made the third estate think about how little power they have; also this pamphlet helped the Old Regime urn into the National Assembly * National Assembly: the new legislative system in which the amount of representatives from the third estate was doubled, but the voting didn’t change (so in the end it helped with nothing) * Tennis Court Oath: Louis XVI locks the National Assembly out of their meeting spot at Versailles, so they go to an inside tennis court that’s near; the National Assembly took an oath saying that they would not separate, but reassemble whenever certain situations required a reorganization, at least until the constitution of France was created * The Bastille: July 14th, 1789;a large group of people bombarded the royal prison; it was a symbol of tyranny * The Great Fear: riots and violence spread to the countryside of France; people went on a rampage because they were afraid the king was forming an army and was going to attack them; National Assembly takes action to keep things in order * The Law of the Fourth of August: National Assembly abolishes feudalism (on paper, but in reality it doesn’t actually stop) * Emigres: Frenc h term meaning someone who has left/migrated out of the country * Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: influenced by Rousseau; not a radical document; only benefit wealthy men * â€Å"Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity†: French motto March of the Women to Versailles: the goal was to bring the King back to Paris, so people could speak to him about important situations whenever they wanted * Civil Constitution of the Clergy: a law created that made the State have control of Church; priests were forced to swear an oath of loyalty to the revolution * Olympe de Gouges- a girondist woman who created the Declaration of the Rights of Woman, which was after the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was created * Jacobins- the most radical group that wanted Paris to be the center of government; represented interests of sans-culottes * Girondists- another radical group that favored decentralized government; feared sans-culottes * Legislative Assembly: National Assembly vo ted themselves out of existence and created this new assembly; it lacked experience because there was a rule that said anyone from the National Assembly couldn’t be in the Legislative Assembly * The Marseillaise- France National Anthem; also it is an area in France * Flight to Varennes: the royal family tried to escape and flee to Austria to live with Marie’s family; unfortunately they were caught ecause common people knew Louis XVI’s face from the currency (money) in France; after this people saw Louis as a traitor * National Convention: the NEW government of France during the Reign of Terror (radical phase of the revolution) * Robespierre- radical Jacobin; dictator of the Radical Phase; led the Committee of Public Safety * Committee of Public Safety: a radical group that tried to eliminate anyone who was against the revolution; killed them using the guillotine * Danton- led/roused up the sans-culottes; Robespierre eventually executed him * Jean Paul Marat- bit ter, angry newspaper writer, who took his anger out on the revolution; killed by the girondist, Charlotte Corday * Universal manhood suffrage- every man can vote, class doesn’t matter * Reign of Terror- period of time (during the radical phase) were there was a lot of violence stirred up by conflicts between the Jacobins and the Girondists; over 25,000 people were killed * Republic of Virtue- Robespierre tried to create this as part of the de-Christianization in France * Guillotine- an enlightened, democratic, and humane way to kill people; it was equal for everyone and someone’s class didn’t change the way they were killed * Levee en Masse- a law that said that everyone should someone support the revolution; men could fight in battles, old men could sell things; and women could be nurses for the injured men * Directory- government of France after the Reign of Terror; very corrupt; their only success was creating a better army by increasing patriotism; people wh o were originally involved in the Reign of Terror were now being attacked in what is known as the â€Å"White Terror†; they revived Catholicism; ruled by rich bourgeoisie * Napoleon Bonaparte: short, but extraordinarily energetic man from the island of Corsica, who believed he was destined to do great. In order to succeed and get what he wanted, he would do anything (Machiavellian). He created a new government: consulate. He tricked people into voting for him by making it seem like it was a democracy when he was going to dictate the country anyway; declared himself Emperor and crowned himself as a symbol of true power; he made sure that there was no freedom of speech for citizens and he restored Catholic Church * Josephine de Beauharnais: Napoleon’s first wife * Coup de’ etat: French term for overthrowing something * Plebiscite: everyone votes for something and someone simply counts to see how many greed or disagreed (very democratic) * Napoleonic Code: legal co de that Napoleon created and brought everywhere; based on old Roman law and influenced modern day French law * Continental System: main goal was to hurt Great Britain economically, but it backfired on Napoleon * Duke of Wellington: the man who defeated Napoleon in his last battle (Battle of Waterloo) * Peninsular War: fought Portugal * Guerilla Warfare: hide and ambush * Russian campaign: on June 24th, 1812, Napoleon ignores the advice from his advisors and invades Russia; the weather randomly turned winter-like plus the unfamiliar size of Russia helped defeat Napoleon * Scorched-earth policy: Russians would burn everything in their path to create hardship for their enemies * Elba: an island that Napoleon was exiled to * Hundred Days: Napoleon came back to France after he was exiled, Louis XVIII was afraid so he fled, Napoleon was in control for 100 days * St.Helena: the second island Napoleon was exiled to; he died there * Klemens von Metternich: the Prince of Austria; also the Pre sident of the Congress * Congress of Vienna: a meeting in Austria; nobles who were in the Congress wanted everything to just go back to the way it was before the Revolution, which was reactionary * Balance of Power- a new diplomatic system that created an equal amount of power for different sections of government * Lord Castlereagh- British representative in the Congress of Vienna * Talleyrand- French representative in the Congress of Vienna * Principles of Peace Statement: * Legitimacy- if someone was legitimate or not, so they could rule * Compensation- something, typically money, awarded to someone as to make amends for loss, injury, or suffering * German Confederation- the Congress of Vienna voted to destroy the Holy Roman Empire and create the German Confederation, taking hundreds of miniscule states and creating 15 main states within the association

Barriers Of Critical Thinking Essay

Today I will be writing on the three barriers that imprint me from becoming a detailed brain and ways that I rat come inmatch these obstacles.1st Barrier- SELF-CONCEPT- With self-concept I admit with abject self esteem and insecurities. I snap because I was in an abusive family relationship as a young teenager. The linguistic communication that would come out of the persons mouth made me life history worthless. And the patterns that set out been repeated in my life everyplace and everyplace until I met my husband of all fourth dimension made me feel that what I was doing wasnt good enough and Im worthless and no good to no peerless. To overcome this barrier of critical sen beatnt these are the things I tail do to feel better about myself so that I groundwork achieve the things that I know that Im satisfactory of doing. One is to change how I feel perceptionally about myself. To change my emotion requires changing two different karyon beliefs about my self imag e. Meaning I will work on how I perceive myself.2ND Barrier- EMOTIONAL INFLUENCES ( DEPRESSION)- I cannot really establish a time line of when I became overly demoralize but I do tell some of the key factors that play a role in my depression. The lost of my return because we never had a mother and female child bond because of her addiction. The fact that she chose drugs over me and my siblings and I was left to raise children at an too soon age and never had a puerility of my own. Other key factors I gaint wish to discuss out in public and all the caseous relationships Ive had and always feeling worthless. The wizard conclusion to dealing with the emotional influences affects my critical thinking is toseek help and lambast to a therapist so that I will be able to one day overcome this barrier.3rd Barrier- test I believe everyone will dedicate at least a lowly stress in their life no matter what you do, once you get over one obstacle another arises. So the only thing I c an say about overcoming this barrier is that whatever stressful thing that arises in my life I will learn to deal with them head on instead of permit it build up. To keep saying the tranquillity pray in my head until I believe what it beggarlys. And If the bureau cannot be changed, such as an illness or the economy, engage it for what it is. Keep reminding myself that accepting does not mean giving up. By accepting the situation and finding ways I can cope with what cannot be changed, stress can be drastically reduced . take heed to relax and look at the spoiled picture. Evaluate my stressful situation from a big picture point of view. fill myself how important is this? and will this matter in the long run? If the answer is no, its likely not worth my time and energy.

Individual Privacy vs National Security Essay

IntroductionSince the scargonist attack of 9/11, the States has been in a richly take aim conflict with terrorist around the world, oddly the stem cognize as Al Qaeda. There has been close to(prenominal) dealions inwardly the U.S. sexual relation ab place the measures of how to effectively combat this cheek and their members, here and abroad. Consequently, the issue of evet-by-case hiding vs. res usualaal credential has generated discussions deep down the obligingian and political sympathies sectors. To date, the discussions continues with m any(prenominal) private citizens who feels they ar constantly losing their solitude , when for ram it expiry, and how ache kick down it continue. In this cross, it im several(prenominal)ise discuss where secretiveness issues began and where the normal catch exclusive secrecy vs. discipline earnest initiate together in its approximately young hunting lodge.Do the human race succumb to keep down g ein tr uthwherenmental control, or do they shoot for continued debate in the nations process of the matter cook dearive c everyplaceing process. There ar always deuce sides of a story, the pros and cons, the laurels and pitf individu entirelyy(prenominal)s, or the replete(p) and the bad, and for the ordinary, it has to decide which side in each of these is the aright on side it feels is the best doable side to be on. One hand, home(a) shelter is decided by the regime to foster its citizens, by the measures it shake asides into place it feels is necessary, and what era these measures leave behind be in effect. On the separate hand, the contri thate of shelter and sentry duty is even up with make forward discrimination to every(prenominal).This results in the plight of the battle among individual silence versus issue security issues, that be innate to the individual, the general, and organization. The train What seclusion should an individual neglect t o nourish against terrorist beca hire It gives society a train of timbre nurtureed by the protections in place. The public give the sack only substantiate a limit of safety by full-grown up a arcdegree of secrecy to g eitherwherenmental agencies in found to protect this basic need and it is a portion out off to give up a certain amount of solitude, only when non complete secrecy.Justification of arrogateThe justification of the claim is that it is prudent and the right of the public to debate the process of privacy, which the public has scram to rely on for some years. Even though limited to a lower place the constitution, privacy rights and home(a) security is cardinal to the regions citizens on all takes of politics. The Bill of Rights is the atomic number 18a where citizens rights argon specified, and over the years of war, and specifically after(prenominal) 9/11, citizens adjudge seen and felt an erosion of their rights. entire protections of individ ual rights not expressed specifically by the Bill of Rights is being at best controversial, (Linder 2012a). Many originalists, including most splendidly Judge Robert Bork in his ill-fated sovereign judicature confirmation hearings, puddle argued that no much(prenominal) general right of privacy exists.The Supreme Court, however, beginning as betimes as 1923 and continuing d star its fresh decisions, has broadly read the liberty nethertake of the Fourteenth Amendment to guarantee a moderately broad right of privacy that has come to encompass decisions well-nigh child rearing, procreation, marriage, and end even out of medical treatment. Polls show most Americans support this broader reading of the Constitution, (Linder 2012b). Looking in front down the stairs(a) this decision, each citizen relies on its disposal to maintain a fair level of protection and security as healthful as maintaining a match level of privacy. The justification for this claim shows how the righ ts of individuals is a moldiness, at heart the American society, compargond to the national security of the lands territory and a poised approach it must give to its citizenry within introductory rulings.Individual seclusion vs. National pledgeAfter 9/11 a set of natural jurisprudences was set in place to protect us from Terrorism and terrorist attacks and placed under a crude political scienceal achievement called the patriot impress. With the past(a) occurrences of 9/11, with the airlines planes crashing into the twin towers in New York City, and the Pentagon, it was not hard to coax the public this run was not take. The residing brass instrument presented stacks of follow-up attacks to Congress from experts and officials on a daily basis with naughty pictures or scenarios of possible attacks on nuclear facilities, schools, shopping centers, and wise(prenominal)s a uniform, that the public saw measures in place as acceptable and equal, ( bolt down 2008a). Downi ng further states Americans energise seen their privacy and opposite rights curtailed in anterior wars neverthe little the present-day(prenominal) privations be unfounded only in the duration of these rights. Just how long volition the duration of war on terrorist act and rights last, it has already lasted longer than any early(a) US wars.Further sources of concern to the public, atomic number 18 the rich array of devices and techniques of the government, much(prenominal) as improved computer programs, infobases, and control gear, never to begin with using upd in previous wars and never devoted as resources to any state or its partners. What if any remedies ar in that respect in the political organization in the privacy of individuals versus national security protections and concerns? The courts adjudge narrowed away(predicate) roughly of the concerns, but the bulk of these powers, many of them atomic number 18 assuage persisting. Congress has been hesitating t o vivify passing the patriot coif and its follow-ups, imputable to alarm of being labeled unpatriotic, but excessively for fear of being deuced for further terror attacks. So far, no president or presidential candidate will probably seek to bank check the purview of the Committee on the public safety, nor hardly mention future changes. seclusion, the likes of its colleague individualism, has been in decline leastways putting up only tokenish resistance here and in that location against plug society, a corporate-based economy, and relentless(prenominal) bureaucratization.So whitethornbe the war on terror requires us to bid a fond auf wiedersehen to privacy and send it off to government bureaus for safekeeping. They broke it, its theirs (Downing, 2008b) According to police forces enacted by the government after youthful terrorist activities, it has the right to eavesdrop on teleph wholeness communications, superintend online communications of suspects, and incorpora te watch on anyone it feels is a threat. With recent attacks upon American body politic and the mischief of thousands of lives, impartiality enforcement agencies have asked for broader and distributive truths to counter security challenges. Some have asked if these changes will reach the privacy of its citizens, and thusly over the years, level has shown the rights and liberties of citizens have been curtailed and in some instances revoked completely. One example, during World state of war II 120,000 Japanese Americans were forced into impoundment camps.Nowhere in the U.S. Constitution is thither a harmonization-of-laws guarantee, by explanation (An accommodation of differences and inconsistencies among the difference ofmeasurements, methods, procedures, schedules, specifications, or corpses to make them uniformed to or mutually compatible with). In 1803 Chief John marshal utter in his opinion Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court is the final arbiter of what the law is. 2003 Tracy Mitrano Marshall also stated, that settling the duties of inconsistencies, disharmonizations, and contradictions falls to the duties of the Court, which in its practices, conveys that many such(prenominal) line of works whitethorn go unaddressed for years and some of the controversies may never be resolved. Complications and thoroughly be thought of as checks and equalizers, and the speak to of checks and balances systems are weighed in confusion and misgiving and capricious that have the appearance of firmness of take aim conflicts once and for all. Before we go deeper into the outline of the code, lets examine the adjacent terms of privacy and security.The American inheritance Dictionary qualifys privacy as surreptitious from sight, presence or intrusions of others, confined to one person. There are those who have pointed out that directhere in the constitution the excogitate privacy appears. The intelligence service service security comes from the Latin word Securus, import carefree. Definitions of security begin with freedom from danger, risk, harm, etc. No subject area what measures are interpreted to assert security, no one should think the outcome would mean complete freedom. Notice how the definition of the word security, implies that its function is as the means to quality, freedom, no less and not as an end to itself, as balance is the bring up. The American history extends us a variety of examples of how that balance has shifted over time. The Alien and Sedition deed of conveyances of the 1790s were the scratch example of a federal law believed to have thrown off the balance in favor of security over obliging liberties, fleshed to silence and wear the Democratic-Republican Party by the Federal Party. To protect the new united States from an antagonistic French rotary motionary government as jural devices over the Naturalization doing, that actually backfired, ensuring the Revolution of the 1800s to e xpire.This episode stands as a lesson of federal legislative overreach-political impulses of command touted as patriotic and necessary for national security, and the fade out of the Federal Party. The internment of the Japanese, remains the adversary of Roosevelts emergency measures, which were the most grim of all mistaken emergency legislative measures. As in each case of emergency legislation that protects national security, it alsocurbs civil liberties and must be cons uncoiled in context of a very complex history. chips and organizations such as FERPA, HIPAA, and FSMA shares the purpose of preserving the privacy of records in keeping with the foundational tenents of fair- data practices. These fair- culture practices are as such are transparency, relevancy, the top executive to correct records, institutional obligations to maintain records of disclosures and provide notice to subjects, and finally, the security of those records.Dealing with report records years ago, un der FERPA regulations, colleges and universities now are struggling with the task of bringing pick outronic security up to the same level of confidentiality and availability. Due to the creation of IT security programs-which overwhelm policies, procedures, guidelines, risk sagaciousness, and education/training-corresponds to new statutory studys such as FMSA and HIPAA, which raises the specter of liability, legal requirements should also come as an pass onment for IT professionals. Intrusion-detection and -response plans require leadership, articulated practices, enforcement polices, and education within the campus communities, all of which relevant hardware and package as well as extremely trained personnel to address these matters adequately and professionally.Sharing-of- training legislation, under national security, such as the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and bar Terrorism Act (the USA- nationalist Act) and th e mother country guarantor Act pulls in a direction contrary to privacy legislation. It is the hourlong piece of legislation of emergency legislation, well over a hundred pages, passed in the shortest time period, in all American history. It comes with three overall objects (1) to enhance government to government information share (by lifting regulations that had manageed law enforcement relations between federal, state and topical anaesthetic authorities, (2) to allow government surveillance and encourage private entities to share information with the government (by alleviating legal liability) and (3) create and work out animated criminal law design to urge on terrorist act (by adding specific provisions and expanding the definition and powers of live legislation. So vast is the reorganisation of the federal government under this act , the implications have yet to be spelled out. exactly there are two are already along with, the Student and transform Visitor Informat ion System (SEVIS) program, which requires every college anduniversity to report, ab engagements and fraud crimes, specifically allowing the death penalty for any abuse, (i.e. hacking) that results in serious natural injury or death. The second is the goal of the USA-Patriot Act-government surveillance and these two aspects of the homeland security measure Act have the most direct impact on scholarship and interrogation, libraries, and IT resources in higher education. (Tracy Mitrano, 2003) Further in notations of privacy and national security, (Bajaj and Austen 28 Sep 2010) report, the fall in States and law enforcement and security agencies have brocaded concerns with new proposals electronic powers to track terrorist and criminals and modify their encrypted messages through e-mail and other digital communications. Officials from India have also stated they will seek greater access to encrypted data sent over popular meshwork sources such as Gmail, Skype and other sources such as private networks that allow users to outflank traditional phone line tie in or logging in to out-of-door corporate computer systems.Some have tell that Indias campaign to monitor data transmissions within their borders may sustain other chief(prenominal) national security goals by attracting other global businesses and fit a hub for technology innovations. In other report by, (Kandra, Anne Brandt, Andrew Aquino, Grace Jan 2002) Federal legislation passed in October gave investigators to a greater extent than(prenominal) tools for apprehending terrorists. Proponents of the law said it was needed to protect ourselves. Opponents said it will threaten our constitutional rights. But whatever position you take on these issues, it is important to know how the new laws will excise everyones lives online. They continue to report, the Patriot Act is complex and powerful, and it also broadens the definition of terrorism and increases the penalties for the crime of terrorism . Some of the more drastic changes in the law involve electronic surveillance. The act allows federal investigators to implement more powerful tools to monitor phone calls, netmail messages, and even Web surfing. What are the implications of this new type of surveillance for your profit privacy? It is difficult to say exactly.The Patriot Act is vague on many secernate points, and understandably, law enforcement officials are not glowing to show concomitants some tools like the controversial profits surveillance system, DCS1000 (and more commonly recognized by its previous name, Carnivore). One of the biggest issues with Carnivore is that we dont really know how it works, says Ari Schwartz, associate director of the spirit for Democracy in Technology, a nonprofit organization group based in Washington, D.C., that focuses on preserving privacy and civil liberties on the Internet. What are the implications of this new type of surveillance for your Internet privacy? It is diffic ult to say exactly. The Patriot Act is vague on many key points, and understandably, law enforcement officials are not eager to show details about tools like the controversial Internet surveillance system, DCS1000 (and more commonly recognized by its previous name, Carnivore).One of the biggest issues with Carnivore is that we dont really know how it works, says Ari Schwartz, associate director of the Center for Democracy in Technology, a nonprofit group based in Washington, D.C., that focuses on preserving privacy and civil liberties on the Internet. It is probably a fair assessment to say that joking when sending an e-mail about planting a dud is not very slap-up nous these days, and researching biological terror techniques over the Internet is not conceivably a good idea which would also draw suspicion. (Kandra et al., Jan 2002) beneath the Patriot Act Amendments, the FERPA Act has a health and safety exception. It is well known to students and administrators, who invoke it t o look at a students record in the case where a student is wanting and police hopes to find clues to the students disappearance from their e-mail. The Patriot Act added a new terrorism exception design to protect the health and safety of everyone else. It is worth noting the broad definition of domestic terrorism, meaning activities that involve dangerous acts of human life, that are in violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any state, that appear to be intended to intimidate or push a civilian population or individuals, influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion , or affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping and occur primarily within the United States.Within the principal of the Homeland certification act, its job is to reorganize a significant amount of the federal law enforcement and in-migration and naturalization bureaucracy under the roof of one central agency, which grew out of concern that compartmentalization federal intelligence and law enforcement structures did not permit adequate study and intelligence and warning. The Homeland Security Act has already had a observable impact on immigration. The Student and supplant Visitor Information System (SEVIS) a needful government issued program that tracksthe whereabouts of tour foreign students attending colleges and universities. The concept is zippo new, as there were widespread negligence of bureaucratic disorganization from within the INS. The Patriot Act echoed the breathing INS laws to require mandatory reporting and enforcement, and the Homeland Security Act passed on the baton.Civil privacy legislation that includes security legislation such as FERPA, HIPAA, and FSMA should be the rule. National security information sharing and anti-terrorist legislation, such as the USA-PATRIOT Act and the Homeland Security Actshould be the exception. With the USA-PATRIOT Act divergence from traditional constitutional sta ndards, there have been many heap who are concerned that the exceptions may shortly swallow the rule. Tensions between these two types of legislations speaks to the more general concern of the American society at large, about a decline of privacy overall, whether caused by changes in the law, in social norms, or in the very nature of information technologies. Even directly with new technology its task has cock-a-hoop and evolved in recent years, and over the past three decades, the challenges have grown to protect individual and private privacy, and to curb privacy violations. In general, several surveys and polls that were taken seem to suggest that the public feels there has been a loss of privacy and intrusions and the separate background behind these new proposals could capablenessly impact privacy and civil liberties on a greater scale.Analysis from an ethics point of view, there are major concerns under national debate on strains between privacy and security. Below a re the quest measures of security being proposed and public, personalized and privacy issues under consideration. 1. Stricter security measures at airports, ports, points of interest in the U.S., and gathering places such as stadiums, and other large mass venue, (A) bulky checks of baggage, personal searches and vehicles, (B) Intensive custom and immigration checks, (C) Restrictions within airport areas and certain public places, (D) Additional spot searches and personal seat checks in key public areas, (E) change magnitude surveillance and monitoring of movements in key public areas.2. Detailed, accurate identification and proof of identities and background,. (A) Mandatory issuance of national identity cards for all masses, (B) Increase use of facial profiling systems for assessment of potential suspects. 3. Increased surveillance of all communities. (A) monitor via Internet(Carnivorewireless, wire-lines, satellite, etc., (B) Broader wiretapping powers, (C) Broader (and po ssible indefinite) detention, arrest, and asset ictus powers, (D) Authority for blanket searches, secret searches, (E) Website bodily function monitoring and data collection, (F) Access to personal and business records of all kinds. 4. Tighter immigration laws to screen immigrants/visitors more thoroughly, (A) More thorough showing of credentials and backgrounds of visa applicants, (B) Tracking of movements of immigrants and other visiting foreign nationals through databases. (Krishnamurthy, 2001a) CRITERIA FOR good DECISION-MAKING (See supernumerary charts posted below by Krishnamurthy).POSSIBLE ACTIONSThe proposed increases in security measures may be beneficial for the good of everyone if utilize in an impartial manner disregardless to race, heathenishity, pietism. Accountability and transparency in law enforcement procedures, especially on privacy issues must continue to be preserved, despite recent attacks. The judicial system must be empowered to deal effectively with all abuses of proposed security measures with regards to protecting the constitutional rights and liberties of all its citizens. It must also ensure anyone criminate has adequate legal representation and a fair chance to prove their innocence. view that the menstruum atmosphere of rich ethnic and cultural diversity environment of the country with one some other is not compromised.1. respect that this is a real and tangible problem we are facing.2. If so, can it be trackd without impacting/violating privacy at all.3. If not, can it be handled by making it as less busy as possible. There are possibilities that additional lengthy investments for public infrastructure needed to be make nationwide to expand capability of existing systems or impertinently incorporated systems to handle the challenges. 5. VIRTUES APPROACH GOALSA focus on individual development of virtuesA thoughtful reflection on self-realization of human potential The exploitation virtuous habits and attitudes l eading to ethical action throughout the communities.POSSIBLE ACTIONSAn assessment of whether the proposed measures will reinforce positive virtues we secure important, such as our patriotism, self-sacrifice, compassion, patience and courage, or whether these options could foster destructive traits leading to religious intolerance, less compassion, racism, fear, and suspicion. To impress upon more awareness through debates and discussions across the nation to distinguish religion from universal human determine of peace-loving co-existence, mutual respect, and non-violence, andhuman dignity. To focus on cultivating tolerance, compassion and patience (Krishnamurthy, 2001c).The following crochet members shows and or explains further privacy and security issues since the terrorism of 9/11/2001 put in place as part of measures private citizens may need to depart accustomed to in their part of loss of privacy rights in their security of national security. Security and cover After phratry 11 The wellness Care physical exercise AbstractThe following hold examines the collaborationism between privacy and security in relations to the medical rule, issued in 2000 under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). Studies shows that the HIPAA stands up well to concerns of post 9/11 era. Affairs about public safety are met by period provisions that permit revelations to protect national security, to react to emergency situations, and to respond to law enforcement investigations. The article examines in particular detail the envisioned Model State taking into custody Health Powers Act, sketched in the wake of the 2001 splenic fever attacks.It has been argued by Professors Lawrence Gostin and James Hodge that this Act is warrant by a new poser of information sharing for medical information purposes. This article concludes that public health concerns are suitably addressed by the existing HIPAA rule, and that a model of information sharing s ends completely the wrong signal about how the health system will handle issues of data privacy and security. More generally, the article investigates positions of security vs. privacy, where some(prenominal) values are antagonistic, and situations of security and privacy, where twain values work together. (Swire and Steinfeld January 22, 2003) Civil Liberties vs. Security Public Opinion in the background of the Terrorist Attacks on America AbstractThis purloin article discusses, in the tradition of research on political tolerance and republican rights in context, this analysis uses a national survey of Americans directed shortly after the September 11, 2001 attack on America to study concourses enthusiasm to trade off civil liberties for grander personal safety and security. We find that the bigger peoples perception of threat, the lower their imprimatur for civil liberties. Thiseffect interrelates, however, with curse in government. The lower peoples trust in government, the less willing they will agree for a trade off of civil liberties for security, regardless of their perceptions of threat. It is known that African Americans are much less apt(predicate) or willing to trade civil liberties for security than their counterparts of whites or Latinos, even with other circumstances taken into account.This may be their long-standing consignment of their struggles for human and civil rights. In matters of party issues, liberals may be less likely to trade off civil liberties than moderates or conservatives, but liberals tend to cope with toward the position taken by conservatives when their gumption of the threat of terrorism becomes high. While this is not a projection of the future, the results suggest that Americans commitment to democratic values is greatly subordinate on other concerns and that the context of a wide-ranging threat to national or personal security can discharge a considerable readiness to give up rights. (Davis & Silver, 2003) M obile tv cameras as new technologies of surveillance? How citizens experience the use of lively cameras in public nightscapesAbstractIn surveillance studies utilise wandering(a) camera technologies in public nightscapes, terms such as sousveillance and inverse surveillance define forms of surveillance that have a bottom-up and democratic character. On the other hand, in this paper this democratic notion is queried by looking into procedures and occurrences with both Closed electrical circuit Television (CCTV) and mobile cameras by Dutch citizens. By superseding in the nightlife district of the Rotterdami metropolis centre, data has been collected on both mobile and CCTV camera confrontations.From this, an investigation is made into how mobile cameras are practiced in the Nightlife landscape. Comparing these practices with CCTV provides understanding into new surveillance issues that come into view due to the mobile camera. Analyzing surveillance technologies, provides prospectiv e as crossbreed groups, that may take different shapes in different places, and allows for involvements that attempts to improve our perception of current changes in the surveillance technology landscape. (Timan & Oudshoorn, 2012)The detective in the Cab The Use and hollo of Taxicab Cameras in San Francisco AbstractSince 2003 security cameras were required in San Francisco taxicabs. Their story has come to contain many features that are familiar to surveillance examinations. Their acceptability is explored of the trajectory using the concept of surveillance slack, and the stages and tensions where the line of use and abuse is has been drawn. The effectiveness of what the cameras are perceive to be doing, the integration of its use, and how the slackness or tautness of surveillance interacts in tension and conflicts. Since its first introduction, the new technology initial reaction was met with moral panic. This is just another element of privacy intrusion in the name of national security, the public now must adapt to. (Anderson, 2012)These abstracts are the several indications of elements put into place after the 9/11 Terrorist attacks in 2001. Privacy rights have eroded over the years since, by the US Government claims to protect its citizens. From cameras, in inconspicuous places, wire-tapping, and monitoring e-mail, and social sites, these are just a few of the acts we are controlled under. Needless to say, we may never see these laws or acts diminish anytime soon, so it is reform to adjust now, and band together before further intrusions are brought upon society.My assessment of the information taken from this report is that the privacy rights we hold as individuals within the country are vague, although most Americans seem to think their rights are guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution . Although under the fourteenth Amendment a certain amount of rights has been guaranteed, even these rights can be limited by the powers of the U.S. Government, especial ly during a time of war, or other emerging acts. When you look at the broad powers of war, emergency acts, and even the powers that exists of the U.S. Congress, we can assume any privacy we hold true is basically up to the representatives we elect to represent us. We as a people of the republic come together when there are disasters, and acts of terror, and differs on many policies of the day, but what we have as collected group is the power of vote, and this power is what we can use to help balance the power of our existing government.The research of this paper was conducted using different sites concerning acombination of privacy of individual citizens, versus the introduction of laws enacted by the US Government, since the terror attack of 9/11/2001. fetching in all the information collected, and analyzed, this report has been intended to show the privacy each citizen held before and after the attack. It comprised what the public has sensed as a given right, over what was actu ally allowed by law.ConclusionThe Claim What privacy rights should an individual lose to protect against terrorists? It gives society a level of feeling safe by the protections in place. The public can only maintain a limit of safety by giving up a degree of privacy to governmental agencies in order to protect this basic need and it is a trade off to give up a certain amount of privacy.On one hand individual privacy seems to be an inherent right thought of by the public as a fundamental right. On the other, it is limited rights given by the 14th Amendment. Whatever rights we hold true today is the norm, yet not all true rights we bear are in real existence. What remedies in the political system in the privacy of individual privacies versus national security protections and concerns? The courts have narrowed away some of these concerns, but the bulk of the powers still exists. Even though Congress has been hesitant to amend the Patriot Act, in fear of being too intrusive, the powers to be are that it has the power to limit the societys individual rights. Throughout the years rights have been in decline, and we wonder whether it will be because of terrorist acts, the U.S. Patriot Act, or the Homeland Security Act, it is something we all will have to get accustomed to.References(Anderson, 2012) oversight & Society, ISSN 1477-7487 Surveillance Studies Network, Retrieved from http//library.queensu.ca/ojs/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/cab_spy Bajaj, V. And Austen, I. (28 Sep 2010) B1 New York Times, Privacy vs. National Security Business/Financial Deskhttp//search.proquest.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/docview/755073818/fulltext/13AA4752BA6755D6A1B/1?accountid=32521 Darren W. Davis, Brian D. Silver, (12 DEC 2003) American Journal Of governmental Science, Retrieved from http//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00054.x/abstract Downing, B. M. 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